Figure 1.
The world map compares brownfield redevelopment governance characteristics across the U S, U K, E U, Iran, China, and Japan. The U S section lists liability driven regime, strong public private partnership enforcement, federal state coordination, incentive based remediation, and mature governance model. The U K section lists planning led model, contaminated land regime, risk based remediation, P D L policy integration, and national E P I operationalisation. The E U section lists environmental policy integration, supranational framework, environmental liability directive, structural funding mechanisms, and horizontal integration model. The China and Iran section lists rapid urbanisation context, state led redevelopment, market driven regeneration, emerging soil legislation, and transitional governance model. The Japan section lists centralised state oversight, technical remediation standards, post industrial transition, contamination sensitivity, and late regulatory formalisation. Dashed directional paths connect the labelled country markers across the map.Selection criteria for international case studies
Source: Authors’ own work