Figure 2.
The figure combines a Sankey diagram with a central system workflow. On the left, automated C P M techniques such as three-dimensional laser scanning, C C T V camera, G I S, L I D A R, photogrammetry, Q R codes, R F I D, time-lapse camera, and videogrammetry are shown. These connect to challenges, including high technical knowledge, expensive equipment, low accuracy, data clashes, need for developers, environmental difficulty, unorganised point clouds, processing issues, software requirements, resolution problems, noisy data, labour intensity, tracking difficulty, environmental damage, limited flexibility, blind spots, high energy use, complex analysis, and occlusions. Flows then connect to X R benefits such as a user-friendly interface, easier understanding, cost saving, accurate scale, data consistency, real and virtual reference, reduced errors, collaboration, quick decisions, location-specific data, real-world experience, automation, visual assistance, multiple choices, walkthroughs, improved productivity, and virtual interaction. In the centre, a workflow shows As Design Model and Project Schedule feeding into a Four-dimensional Model linked to Cloud Software, with Reality Capturing Technology producing a V R Model and a device camera producing an A R or M R Model. On the right, barriers such as additional cost, data loss, handling complex geometry, interoperability issues, lack of finance, lack of human touch, limited knowledge, device limitations, low management support, infeasibility for small firms, setup requirements, training needs, resistance to change, rendering issues, and slow industry growth connect to strategies including low cost hardware, convincing value, hardware rental, market analysis, training programmes, B I M integration, digitalisation, protocols, software purchase, system analysis, workshops, knowledge improvement, pilot projects, and involvement of leading bodies.Development of a framework to integrate XR for CPM in the Sri Lankan construction industry
Source: Authors’ own creation