Figure 4.
The dual-panel framework compares 2 theoretical pathways connecting construction site characteristics with mental health and well-being outcomes. Panel A illustrates the J D-R pathway, where Environmental Conditions, Amenities and Welfare Facilities, Safety and Security, Work Setting and Practices, and Physical Space Design contribute to Job Demands and Job Resources. Job Demands lead to negative mental health outcomes including stress, burnout, fatigue, and anxiety, while Job Resources contribute to positive outcomes including engagement, productivity, resilience, and emotional wellbeing. Panel B presents the Salutogenesis pathway, where Safety and Security, Work Setting and Practices, and Physical Space Design influence comprehensibility, manageability, and meaningfulness. These factors contribute to positive mental health outcomes, including engagement, productivity, resilience, and emotional well-being through pathways involving visual controls, spatial clarity, and ergonomic design.(a) Site characteristics mapped to the JD-R framework, showing how demands and resources shape negative and positive mental health outcomes. (b) Salutogenesis-based pathways linking site characteristics to comprehensibility, manageability and meaningfulness, leading to positive well-being outcomes