Figure 5.
The layered framework presents overlapping research gaps in construction worker mental health and well-being across 4 levels. The Individual Level identifies limited mental health and well-being indicators and neglect of positive well-being. The Site Conditions level highlights over-focus on heat and noise, layout and access gaps, under-theorised resources, and a lack of longitudinal studies. The Project Level identifies site-linked tasks and scheduling stress alongside neglect of design-based safety. The Industry Level highlights the absence of theory-informed site guidelines, the lack of integrated models, the underexplored indoor environmental quality, and overlooked accessibility. Dashed arrows connect each category to its corresponding level, illustrating increasing scope from individual to industry-wide concerns.Overview of typical Gaps