Figure 1
The framework consists of four parts. P1 shows dynamic elements forming the foundation. P2 outlines internally caused engagement dynamics, divided into disposition and activity of engaging. Disposition includes capacity, tendency, and valence, with valence ranging from positive to negative. The activity of engaging covers intensity, duration, and cognitive, emotional, behavioural, and social dimensions. P3 presents externally caused engagement dynamics involving interactions with focal and other engagement objects, other actors, and institutions through spillover and crossover effects. P4 defines levels of engagement dynamics distinguishing individual from collective engagement, both influenced by iterative and crowding-in effects.Model illustrating actor engagement dynamics
Source: Authors’ own work