Figure 3
The image contains four sets of line graphs, each with four subplots. Panel A shows the creep velocity curves of each axle over time. The x-axis represents time in seconds, and the y-axis represents creep velocity in meters per second. Each subplot corresponds to a different axle, with distinct colors for each. Panel B illustrates the variation of adhesion coefficient over time. The x-axis represents time in seconds, and the y-axis represents the adhesion coefficient. Each subplot corresponds to a different axle, with distinct colors for each. Panel C displays the motor output torque of each axle over time. The x-axis represents time in seconds, and the y-axis represents torque in Newton meters. Each subplot corresponds to a different axle, with distinct colors for each. Panel D shows the axle load variation over time. The x-axis represents time in seconds, and the y-axis represents load in Newtons. Each subplot corresponds to a different axle, with distinct colors for each. Simulation results of Case 1: alternating dry and wet rail surface conditions. Source: Authors’ own work