Figure 1
The conceptual framework presents Sectoral variation as a contextual factor positioned above Pathway A, efficiency and service performance. A section labelled National reform drivers contains Digitalisation, Localisation, and Regulatory reform. Three horizontal arrows labelled H 1 a–c, H 2 a–c, and H 3 a–c extend towards Supply Chain outcomes containing Short-term efficiency and S P G, Adaptability, and Resilience. A section labelled Technology enablers contains I o T, A I, and blockchain. An Organisational readiness section contains Leadership commitment, Capability development, and Adaptive capacity. A dashed arrow labelled H 4 a–c connects National reform drivers to Organisational readiness, and another dashed arrow labelled H 5 connects Organisational readiness to Long-term capability development. A lower section labelled Pathway B represents capability development.Conceptual framework of dual transformation pathways
Note(s): . National reform drivers (digitalization, localization and regulatory reform) are linked to supply chain outcomes through two pathways. Pathway A represents direct effects on efficiency and service performance, while Pathway B represents indirect effects on capability development via organizational readiness. Technology enablers (IoT, AI and blockchain) support both pathways, and sectoral variation conditions their relative strength. Solid arrows denote direct relationships (H1–H3), whereas dashed arrows denote indirect relationships mediated by organizational readiness (H4–H5).
Source: Authors’ own work