Figure 3.
Table Summary:** This table presents a matrix of scatter plots that depict various relationships among multiple indicators. The column headers include “Public spending on education, percent of GDP,” “Preprimary school enrollment, percent of all eligible children,” “Primary school enrollment, percent of all eligible children,” “Secondary school enrollment, percent of all eligible children,” “Tertiary school enrollment, percent of all eligible children,” “CO2 emissions (metric tons per capita),” “Renewable energy consumption (% of total final energy consumption),” “Water productivity, total constant 2015 US dollars per cubic meter of total fresh water,” “Agricultural methane emissions (thousand metric tons of CO2 equivalent),” “Electric power consumption (kWh per capita),” “GDP growth (annual %),” “Human Development Index (zero to one),” and “Life expectancy (in years).” The data flows in a two-dimensional layout, arranged with rows and columns corresponding to the various indicators, allowing for visual comparisons between pairs of these indicators across the scatter plots within the cells. Each cell contains a scatter plot with blue points, facilitating the visual analysis of potential correlations between the respective variables represented in each row and column pairing. **:** Scatter plot matrix showing relationships between various indicators including education spending, CO2 emissions, and life expectancy, with blue data points.This image displays a scatter plot matrix featuring multiple indicators such as public spending on education as a percentage of GDP, various school enrollment rates,

Scatterplot matrix of education, environmental and welfare indicators (EU-27, 2002–2023)

Source: Authors’ research in Stata 18

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