Figure A3.
A panel of country trend charts showing renewable energy consumption as a percentage of total final energy consumption from 2000 to 2023.The panel contains country-specific line charts labelled A T, B E, B G, C R, C Y, C Z, D E, D K, E E, E S, F I, F R, G R, H U, I E, I T, L T, L U, L V, M T, N L, P L, P T, R O, S E, S I, and S K. The x-axis spans approximately 2000 to 2030, and the y-axis is labelled Renewable Energy Consumption, Percent of Total Final Energy Consumption. Each chart shows a single line representing the evolution of renewable energy use over time. Most countries display increasing trends, with particularly strong growth visible in D K, E S, F I, L T, and S E. The figure highlights the expansion of renewable energy adoption across the selected countries during the study period.

Growth in renewable energy consumption across EU countries (% of total final energy consumption)

Source: Authors’ research in Stata 18

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