Figure 2.
The image depicts a two-panel graph. The left panel plots Velocity field against Height in metres from 0.0 to 0.4, comparing Non Newtonian Type 1 and Carreau shear thickening models. The profile is parabolic, with velocity increasing from 0 at the walls to a maximum near 0.2 metres before decreasing symmetrically. The right panel plots Velocity field against Height in metres from 0.0 to 0.4, comparing Non Newtonian Type 2 and Carreau shear thinning models. The profiles are flatter near the centre and decrease sharply near the walls, illustrating differences in shear-dependent behaviour.Comparison of velocity profiles between the proposed internal-variable (Hamilton-type) models and the Carreau viscosity law at the cross-section after 750 time steps. Left: shear-thickening case (Carreau model vs Type 1). Right: shear-thinning case (Carreau model vs Type 2)
Source: Authors’ own work