Figure 1.
The panel a flow diagram shows P V C leather manufacturing, beginning with the first polymer layer on release paper using P V C dope and heating, then adding a foamed polymer second layer using P V C dope with foaming agent, then adding a fabric substrate layer with glue while the release paper is removed, and ending with optional surface texturing and coating using a textured roller. Panel b shows a multilayer polyurethane structure with a P U skin layer, P U porous layer, P U adhesive, and fabric.The manufacturing process and multilayer structure of PVC or PU artificial leather. Figure 1(a) is adapted from reference 17 with permission from Elsevier and Figure 1(b) is adapted from reference 18 with permission from Covestro LLC.