Figure A1.
The comparison presents standardized percent bias across covariates for innovation under G V C 1 and G V C 2. In innovation G V C 1, the covariates shown are size, train, research and development, foreign direct investment, and web. The bias values are approximately 4.0 for size, 0 for train, 0 for research and development, 0 for foreign direct investment, and minus 1.5 for web. In innovation G V C 2, the covariates shown are size, web, train, research and development, and foreign direct investment. The bias values are approximately 8.0 for size and 0 for web, train, research and development, and foreign direct investment. The horizontal axis represents standardized percent bias across covariates.Standardized bias across covariates after matching
Source: Authors’ own work