Figure 1
Figure 1 illustrates a sequential four-layer conceptual framework explaining how hotels can operate as intentionally managed social hubs. Arrows connect each layer from left to right, indicating a progression of effects. Layer 1: Spatial Foundation (Third Place Conditions).This layer represents the physical and environmental conditions that enable community interaction within hotels. Key elements include accessibility, a gathering point, a welcoming space, a home-like atmosphere, and supporting physical infrastructure. Layer 2: Relational Mechanism (Structured Community-Building Processes).Building on the spatial foundation, this layer describes the social processes that foster community. These include affinity-based initiatives, repeated interaction, shared identity formation, and trust development. Layer 3: Developmental Outcomes (Community Development Effects).The relational processes are proposed to generate positive outcomes for participants, including a sense of belonging, social integration, mutual development, and overall well-being. Layer 4: Organizational Outcomes (Strategic and Operational Sustainability).The final layer highlights benefits for the hotel organization. These outcomes include stable off-peak demand, revenue diversification, stronger brand embeddedness within the local community, and improved business sustainability. Overall, the framework proposes that hotels can create social and organizational value by providing welcoming third-place environments that facilitate structured community-building activities, leading to positive developmental outcomes for participants and sustainable business outcomes for the hotel.Conceptual model