Fig. 2.
Panel a shows an offshore wind turbine supported by a monopile embedded below sea bed level. Labels identify the nacelle rotor, blade, tower, sea level, sea bed, monopile, lateral load H, displacement V, embedded length L, exposed length ex, and diameter D. Panel b shows a simplified monopile model with concentrated mass m 1 at the top and distributed mass m 2 along the pile shaft. Labels identify lateral load H, exposed length ex, embedded length L, and diameter D. Panel c shows a smaller simplified monopile model with reduced dimensions and the same labels for H, ex, L, D, m 1, and m 2.(a) 3·5 MW prototype wind turbine; (b) 1:2 virtual model; (c) 1:100 centrifuge model (values given in Table 2)