Fig. 3.
Panel a shows a three dimensional view of the monopile testing apparatus with the cylindrical container, monopile model, actuators, and support frame. Panel b shows a labelled sectional diagram of the testing system. Labels identify cyclic actuator, impact actuator, solenoid valves, air supply, flow control valve, load cell, coupling ring, electromagnet, laser sensors, M E M S sensor, model pile, and cylindrical box. The monopile extends into sand inside a cylindrical container with dimensions of 220 millimetres width and 220 millimetres height. Additional labels show 90 millimetres spacing, 145 millimetres embedded length, 332 millimetres total width, Y H 147.4 millimetres, Y 12 millimetres, pile length L, and pile diameter D. Dashed boxes identify cyclic actuator system 1 and impact actuator system 2.Centrifuge test box: (a) perspective view; (b) cross-section