Fig. 18.
The scatter plot plots beta D over L, f 0 D over f str L, against effective stress sigma prime v in kilopascals. Effective stress ranges from 0 to 100 kilopascals and beta D over L ranges from 0.02 to 0.12. Q Z 1 model values increase from about 0.063 near 0 kilopascals to about 0.094 near 53 kilopascals. Q Z 2 model values increase from about 0.046 near 0 kilopascals to about 0.091 near 53 kilopascals. Futai et al. 2018 and 2021 values increase from about 0.055 near 0 kilopascals to about 0.101 near 83 kilopascals. Equation 17 increases gradually from about 0.058 to about 0.10 with increasing effective stress.Variation of the β soil–structure interaction parameter, modified by the D/LL ratio, with vertical effective stress