Figure 1.
The line chart presents environmental degradation on the vertical axis and economic growth on the horizontal axis. One curve rises, peaks, and then decreases across the scale effect, composition effect, and technique effect stages. A second curve rises to a peak, then decreases to a low point, and then rises again across the scale effect, composition and technique effect, and technical obsolescence effect stages.Environmental Kuznets curve
Source: Sinha et al. (2019)