Figure 3
A schematic representation compares two-dimensional, three-dimensional, and gradient laser powder bed fusion configurations with different powder feeding and deposition mechanisms.The figure illustrates variations of laser powder bed fusion. Section (a) depicts two-dimensional multimaterial L P B F using a layer-on-layer approach and alternating powder deposition for different materials. Section (b) shows three-dimensional multimaterial L P B F methods, including suction-based dual feed, electromagnetic patterning drums, and vibrating nozzles for precise powder placement. Section (c) presents gradient multimaterial L P B F, combining hopper feeding, multi-hopper feeding, and ultrasonic vibrating nozzles to produce continuous material gradients for functionally graded components.

Schematic overview of multimaterial metal LPBF techniques. (a) 2D vertical multimaterial LPBF systems: layer-on-layer, alternating powder deposition, (b) 3D multimaterial LPBF: suction, patterning drums, vibrating nozzle, and (c) gradient multimaterial LPBF: hopper feeding, multi-hopper feeding, vibrating nozzle

Source: Figure by authors

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