Figure 5
The diagram contains five adjoining horizontal rectangular blocks progressing left to right, each block featuring a rounded square with an icon at the top and explanatory text below. The diagram is divided into three horizontal sections, labeled from left to right labeled “Upstream”, “Midstream”, “Downstream”. The first block is in the “Upstream” section. The block is labeled “Mining” and “Echelon 1”, at the bottom. The box in this section contains a mining truck icon and the text “Extraction of raw ore or material for battery material”. The next three blocks are shown in the “Midstream” section. The second block is labeled “Raw material processing” with “Echelon 2”, and has a industrial process icon and the text “Conversion and purification of raw materials into precursors for battery materials”. The third block is labeled “Cell component production” with “Echelon 3” and has the icons of battery and the text “Manufacture battery components: cathode, anode, electrolyte, separator”. The fourth block is labeled “Battery cell pack production” with “Echelon 4”, and has a battery and sensor icon and the text “Manufacture battery cells and putting them into packs with electronics and sensors”. The last block is shown in the “Downstream” section and is labeled “E V production” with “Echelon 5”, and shows a car and battery icon with the text “Integration of vehicle and battery subsystems”. Each block is separated by bold rightward arrows.LIB production steps (echelons 1 through 4 included in model)