Figure 1
The diagram illustrates the relationships between Lean 4.0, Industry 4.0 Digital Technology, and Logistics 4.0. Lean 4.0 connects to Logistics 4.0 directly and to Industry 4.0 Digital Technology, which in turn connects to Logistics 4.0. The arrows labeled H1, H2, H3, and H4 indicate the direction of influence or relationship between these components.Theoretical research framework