Figure 1
The Venn diagram has 3 overlapping circles. The heading above the left circle is Key influence on health. The left circle contains the main label Relationship and Expectation, followed by Perception, Enablers, and Nurturers. The heading above the right circle is Impact of the health behavior. The right circle contains the main label Cultural Empowerment, followed by Positive, Existential, and Negative. The lower circle contains the main label Cultural Identity, followed by Person, Extended family, and Neighbourhood. The text below the lower circle reads Focus on intervention.The PEN-3 Model adapted from (Airhihenbuwa, 1989)