Figure 1
The diagram starts with coaching, then an arrow leads to P M M practices through technical controls and social controls. Technical controls include performance measurement system and high maturity. Social controls include performance management practices and democratic and participative. P M M practices include job enrichment and multiskilling, decision-making autonomy, diversity management, sharing of ideas and reflection, empowerment, transformational leadership, coordination and teamworking, internal communication, cultural change, employee satisfaction, provision of feedback, definition of roles, commitment, meritocracy, definition of objectives, learning, organisational climate, and motivation. Next, arrows lead from P M M practices to performance and employee engagement. Finally, a double-headed arrow connects performance and employee engagement.The research framework
Source(s): Adapted from Smith and Bititci (2017) and Garengo and Betto (2025)