Figure 2
The image contains fifteen line graphs arranged in a grid, each representing different assets or indices such as NDX, SP, Brent, WTI, Gold, Silver, ICE, VIX, BTC, ETH, RNDR, STX, SAND, MANA, AXS, EGLD, and ZIL. The x-axis of each graph spans from 2022 to 2025, while the y-axis varies by graph, indicating percentage changes or values. Each graph shows fluctuations over time, with some assets experiencing significant peaks and troughs, particularly around 2022. The trends indicate varying degrees of volatility and stability across different assets. All values are approximated.The net total directional connectedness over time. Source: Authors’ own work