Figure 7
The vertical axis is labeled “M S E” with tick marks at 10 to the negative 3 power at the bottom and 10 to the negative 2 power at the top. The horizontal axis ranges from 0 to 80 with an interval of 20 units. The grid pattern is shown in the background. Two curves are plotted: a black solid line representing the training and a gray solid line representing the validation. The training curve starts from (0, 2.77 times 10 to the negative 2 power), decreases with a concave-up profile that passes through (5.527, 10 to the negative 3 power) and (29.673, 2.05 times 10 to the negative 4 power), and becomes flat before ending at (100, 2 times 10 to the negative 4 power). The validation curve starts from (0, 3 times 10 to the negative 2 power), decreases with a concave-up profile that passes through (7.127, 10 to the negative 3 power) and (35.491, 2.09 times 10 to the negative 4 power), and becomes flat before ending at (100, 2 times 10 to the negative 4 power). Note: All numerical data values are approximated.Loss curves of the training for the surrogate elements stiffness matrix over 100 epochs. Source: Authors’ own work