Figure 9
Two 3 D structural mesh diagrams labeled “Load case: Type d)” on the top and “Load case: Type b)” on the bottom. Both structures are rectangular and shown within transparent cuboidal frames, with deformation visualized using color-coded mesh segments. A vertical color bar is shown to the right of each diagram, labeled “epsilon subscript rel in percentage.” Load case: Type d): The mesh shows a downward-curving rectangular structure with visible deformation. The structure is composed of black quadrilateral mesh lines and is overlaid on a gray undeformed reference mesh. The structure rises from the left end with a curved profile and ends at the top on the right end. Orange triangular supported nodes are aligned vertically on both the left and right ends of the structure. The circular nodes in the mesh change their color from red near the right at the front face to yellow near the right on the same front face. The middle region of the structure is shown in gray with blue nodes on its right end. The vertical color scale on the right side is shown, and the values range from negative 2 in blue at the bottom to 1 in red at the top with an interval of 1 unit. The middle portion of the scale changes from blue to light blue to yellow, then orange, and becomes red at the top. Load case: Type b): The mesh has an upward curvature, forming a concave-down shape. The left and right ends are nearly at the same level, and the curved portion is positioned slightly towards the right of the center. The nodes in the mesh are mostly in yellow, but some nodes are in red and orange near the left end of the front face. The middle portion of the structure is shown in grey. A few nodes are in blue at the bottom of the curved surface. The vertical color scale on the right side is shown, and the values range from negative 1 in blue at the bottom to 3 in red at the top with an interval of 1 unit. The middle portion of the scale changes from blue to light blue to yellow, then orange, and becomes red at the top.Displacements from the test dataset obtained with a surrogate element. Grey lines display the reference solution, the black meshes depict the solutions obtained with the surrogate elements. Displacements are scaled by the factor 100, fsd = 100. Source: Authors’ own work