Figure 10
Two 3 D structural diagrams comparing deformation results from a “Surrogate element” model (top) and a “Pure F E” (finite element) model (bottom). Both structures are composed of black quadrilateral meshes overlaying gray undeformed reference geometries within transparent cuboidal frames. Deformation is visualized using color-coded segments representing relative strain values labeled “epsilon subscript rel in percentage.” Surrogate element: This structure forms a concave downward-arched shape. The left and right ends are nearly at the same level, and the curved portion is positioned slightly towards the right of the center. The nodes in the mesh are mostly in yellow, but some nodes are in red and orange near the left end of the front face. The middle portion of the structure is shown in grey. A few nodes are in blue at the bottom of the curved surface. The vertical color scale on the right side is shown, and the values range from negative 1 in blue at the bottom to 3 in red at the top with an interval of 1 unit. The middle portion of the scale changes from blue to light blue to yellow, then orange, and becomes red at the top. Pure F E: This structure displays a more pronounced concave downward arch with higher deformation intensity. The mesh structure is overlaid on the same gray reference grid. The left and right ends are nearly at the same level, and the curved portion is positioned slightly towards the right of the center. Nine blue nodes are placed at the left and right ends of the structure. The nodes at the ends change from blue to gray to yellow to orange to red nearly in the middle. The central portion of the structure is straight and has no nodes and a rectangular mesh, while the gray structure is shown in the background. The vertical color scale on the right side is shown, and the values range from 0 in blue at the bottom to 15 in red at the top with an interval of 5 units. The middle portion of the scale changes from blue to light blue to yellow, then orange, and becomes red at the top.Comparison of the surrogate element with a similar expensive FE model. Grey lines display the reference solution, the black meshes depict the surrogate element solution and the pure FE solution, respectively, fsd = 100. Source: Authors’ own work