Figure 11
The front view is a horizontally oriented structural mesh with a pronounced upward arch. The structure is composed of black quadrilateral mesh lines overlaid on a light gray reference grid. Colored circular markers are placed at each mesh node, representing relative strain values labeled “epsilon subscript rel in percentage,” with a vertical color scale on the right ranging from 0 (blue) to 8 (red) with an interval of 2 units, passing through shades of blue, yellow, orange, and red. The reference grid is placed horizontally from left to right, while the structure is shown in a concave-down profile with common left and right ends, but the middle portion is slightly shifted upward below a purple arrow pointing upward, which represents the applied force. There are three nodes vertically aligned on the gray reference grid. At the ends, 15 markers are arranged in three rows at each end with blue nodes at the far ends, indicating minimal strain. Moving inward, the color transitions to yellow and orange at the upper regions, representing moderate strain levels. In the middle, four rectangular patterns of 12 nodes each are evenly placed. The left two patterns have mostly yellow nodes with a few blue nodes at the left, while the right two patterns have nodes in orange with different shades.On this elongated three-dimensional beam the surrogate element is applied five times. The reference solution is marked with solid grey lines, the undeformed mesh with dotted grey lines. The surrogate element solution is shown by the black mesh. Purple nodes describe force nodes, fsd = 25. Source: Authors’ own work