Figure 12
The front view of a five-bay structural frame composed of vertical and diagonal quadrilateral mesh columns connected by horizontal beams. The structure is overlaid on a gray reference grid and visualized with color-coded nodes indicating relative strain, labeled “epsilon subscript rel in percentage.” The color scale to the right ranges from negative 4 percent (blue) to 4 percent (red), with an interval of 2 percent, passing through shades of blue, yellow, orange, and red. The mesh structure consists of five columns hinged at the bottom and connected with horizontal members in the middle and at the top. The deformed mesh is represented by inclined columns, each tilting towards the right, with horizontal connectors between the columns at both the top and middle levels. Each beam and column is divided into square mesh segments, bounded by black lines and highlighted with nodal points. The nodes are highlighted at the bottom, middle, and top of each tilted column. Nodes across the bottom region of each column are colored according to the strain scale: blue, yellow, and orange. In the middle region, most of the nodes are in yellow, and a few nodes are in red and orange. In the top region, most of the nodes are in yellow, and a few nodes are in orange. At the top of each column, three purple circular force nodes are placed horizontally, with purple arrows pointing diagonally downward and to the right, indicating lateral forces being applied toward the right side of the structure.In this three-dimensional example the surrogate element is used 18 times. Purple nodes on the undeformed mesh, depicted with grey dots, indicate forces. The nodes at the bottom are fixed supported. The reference solution is marked with solid grey lines. The surrogate element solution is shown by the black mesh, fsd = 100. Source: Authors’ own work