Figure 13
The structure configuration is enclosed in a transparent cuboidal volume. The structure consists of a central, arched, bridge-like span with two thickened, geometrically complex segments at both ends. It is composed of black quadrilateral mesh lines overlaid on a light gray reference mesh, and nodal strain distribution is shown using color-coded circular markers. A vertical color bar on the right indicates strain values labeled “epsilon subscript rel in percentage,” ranging from negative 4 percent (blue) to 6 percent (red), with an interval of 2 percent, passing through shades of blue, yellow, orange, and red. The central part of the structure forms a smooth concave-down arch, while the left and right segments are bulkier, appearing as expanded mesh zones with multiple quadrilateral subdivisions in various orientations. Yellow dominates most of the structure, indicating areas of neutral strain. Blue markers appear at some lower edges and joints on the right end, representing compressive zones, and red markers are sparsely located near the base of the right segment, indicating areas of maximum tensile strain. Beneath the center of the arch, nine purple circular force nodes are positioned vertically in the underlying gray layer. An upward-pointing diagonal purple arrow emerges from these nodes, indicating the application of a vertical load at the base of the structure. The deformation distribution follows the arch, with tension accumulating along the underside of the curved regions and compression on top, particularly in the lower right block.The surrogate element is connected to elements with an untrained shape, but a correct interface region. Nodes with forces are marked purple. The reference solution is marked with solid grey lines, whereas the surrogate element solution is shown by the black mesh, fsd = 100. Source: Authors’ own work