Figure 17
The front view of a cogwheel mesh with eight teeth evenly arranged around a central axis. The mesh is composed of black grid lines, with circular nodes marking the intersections, each representing relative strain. A vertical color scale on the right indicates strain “epsilon subscript rel in percentage,” ranging from negative 2 percent (blue) to 0 percent (red), in increments of 0.5 units, with intermediate values shown in shades of yellow and orange. The cogwheel's inner cylinder is fixed, while the outer mesh deforms due to the applied force, represented by three purple arrows pointing upward on the lower side of the left teeth and the right teeth. On these teeth, the lower outer edges deformed and became slightly curved compared to the original shape. The nodes on the outer edge are in blue and change to green, yellow, orange, and then to red towards the center. The nodes on other teeth and at the inner edge are in red. The mesh is divided into three labeled regions: A, B, and C. Region A is marked near the top left side, Region B is marked on the left side, and Region C is marked on the right side.Displacements of a complete three-dimensional cogwheel at t = 0.006 s. The reference solution is marked with solid grey lines, the undeformed mesh with dotted grey lines. The surrogate element solution is shown by the black mesh. Purple nodes and arrows describe schematically the applied force. The cogwheel is fixed on the inner cylinder. Source: Authors’ own work