Figure 3
A diagram illustrating different approaches to identifying retirement pathways. The diagram is divided into three main sections: Empirical approach, Theoretical approach, and Hybrid approach. The Empirical approach is further divided into Exploratory and Confirmatory. The Exploratory section includes items based on events connected with the labor market at pre-retirement age, grouped into general patterns, and analyzed using sequence analysis, cluster analysis, and latent class analysis. The Confirmatory section includes items based on transition rates matrix between states, characterized by multistate models and working life tables. The Theoretical approach is based on previous literature to develop a conceptual framework of the work-to-retirement process and includes items based on pre-defined pathways and exit routes established mainly based on institutional settings. Approaches to identifying retirement pathways. Source: Authors’ own work