Figure 1.
Panel a compares two scale effects. The 1 to 50 model shows an embedded length of 0.3 metres. The 1 to 100 model shows an embedded length of 0.15 metres. Panel b compares installation methods. Pre-installed buried placement places the reinforcement before filling. One gravity jacking places the reinforcement downward into the material. Panel c compares air-pluviation methods. Curtain type distributes material through a moving discharge source. Hopper type distributes material through a hopper above the container. Panel d compares interface conditions. One condition uses solid section aluminium with epoxy sand coating. The other condition uses cement plus sand three-dimensional printed reinforcement. Circular cross sections accompany both reinforcement types.Overview of the experimental setup: (a) model piles scaled 1:50 or 1:100; (b) pile installation: pre-installed buried or monotonically jacked under 1g conditions; (c) different interface conditions based on the material of the model pile; and (d) employed pluviation methods