Figure 3.
The upper left graph shows V model against w model for buried 50 g S N F-A 01 and buried 100 g S N F-A 05. The horizontal axis gives w model from negative 2 to 3 millimetres and the vertical axis gives V model from negative 1 to 5 kilonewtons. S N F-A 01 rises to about 4.5 kilonewtons at about 2.5 millimetres, while S N F-A 05 rises to about 1.2 kilonewtons at about 1.5 millimetres. The upper right graph shows V prototype against w prototype and w divided by D. The horizontal axis ranges from negative 0.2 to 0.4 and the vertical axis ranges from negative 5 to 15 meganewtons. Both curves rise to about 11 to 13 meganewtons and follow closed loops. The lower left graph shows V model against w model. S N F-A 01 increases from 0 to about 1.0 kilonewton and levels off after about 2.8 millimetres. S N F-A 05 increases from 0 to about 0.25 kilonewtons and remains nearly constant after about 1.8 millimetres. Red dashed arrows mark distances of 2.2 millimetres and 1.8 millimetres. The lower right graph shows V prototype against w prototype and w divided by D. The horizontal axis ranges from 0 to 0.4 and the vertical axis ranges from 0 to 3 meganewtons. The blue curve rises rapidly to about 2.5 meganewtons near 0.12 and then remains nearly constant. The grey curve rises more gradually, reaches about 2.5 meganewtons near 0.18, and then fluctuates around that value. Dashed guide lines connect the origin to the plateau values.Quantification of scale effects for pre-installed buried piles tested at 50 and 100 g: load–deformation response in model (left) and prototype (right) scale for compression and pull-out