Figure 4.
The upper left graph compares 1 g jacked 50 g S N F-A 03 and 1 g jacked 100 g S N F-A 06 at model scale. The horizontal axis gives w model from negative 2 to 3 millimetres and the vertical axis gives V model from negative 2 to 8 kilonewtons. S N F-A 03 rises from about 0 to 6.2 kilonewtons at about 2.6 millimetres and then follows a closed loop. S N F-A 06 rises from about 0 to 1.7 kilonewtons at about 1.5 millimetres and follows a smaller closed loop. The upper right graph compares the same tests at prototype scale. The horizontal axis gives w prototype and w divided by D from negative 0.2 to 0.2, and the vertical axis gives V prototype from negative 5 to 20 meganewtons. Both curves rise to about 15.5 to 16.8 meganewtons and form closed loops, with the 100 g curve extending slightly farther in displacement. The lower left graph plots V model against w model. The blue curve increases rapidly and then gradually reaches about 1.8 kilonewtons near 4.8 millimetres. The grey curve increases to about 0.42 kilonewtons near 2.5 millimetres and then remains nearly constant with small fluctuations. Red dashed arrows mark distances of 3 millimetres and 2.5 millimetres. The lower right graph plots V prototype against w prototype and w divided by D. The blue curve rises to about 4.2 meganewtons near 0.15 and then remains nearly constant. The grey curve rises more gradually and reaches about 4.1 meganewtons near 0.22 before fluctuating around 4.0 meganewtons. Dashed guide lines extend from the origin to the plateau values.Quantification of scale effects for 1g-jacked piles tested at 50 and 100 g: load–deformation response in model (left) and prototype (right) scale for compression and pull-out