Figure 4
The panel a shows the interface between C u 10 S n and 316 L, with a scale bar of 100 micrometres. Panel b shows the interface between C u and I n 718, labelled with layer top, fused zone, transition zone, sintered zone, partially melted particle, melted composite, unmelted particle, origin, and crack, with a scale bar of 10 micrometres. Panel c shows the interface between I n 718 and 316 L, with regions labelled I n 718, F Z, and 316 L-S S, and a scale bar of 100 micrometres. Panel d shows the interface between M S 1 and 316 L, with a highlighted interfacial region and a scale bar of 100 micrometres. Panel e shows an elemental distribution map across the interface between S S 17-4 P H and C o C r M o, with a scale bar of 100 micrometres and a label C o K series. Panel f shows the interface between T i 6 A l 4 V and C o C r M o, with a labelled diffusion area and a scale bar of 10 micrometres.Microstructural summary of alloys used to integrate the strength functionality: a) Stainless steel 316 L and copper alloy Cu10Sn (Wei et al., 2019; Chen et al., 2022), b) Nickel alloy In718 and Copper (Wei et al., 2021), c) Nickel alloy In718 and stainless steel 316 L(Rankouhi et al., 2022), d) Martensitic stainless steel MS1 and austenitic stainless steel 316 L (Liang et al., 2023), e) Cobalt alloy CoCrMo and stainless steel 17-4PH (Steponavičiūtė et al., 2022), f) Cobalt alloy CoCrMo and titanium alloy Ti6Al4V (Bartolomeu et al., 2023)