Figure 2.
The framework has three domains. Spatial Saturation lists structural conditions, including high dwelling density, narrow, blocked alleyways, absence of fire-rated kitchens, and no firebreak between structures. Socioeconomic Drivers lists forced adaptations, including illegal electrical tapping, substandard appliances, indoor use of outdoor L P G, and informal structural subdivision. Physical Hazards lists material expressions, including combustible cladding, fuel bridges with refuse and debris, overloaded informal circuits, and blocked emergency access. Spatial Saturation forces Socioeconomic Drivers. Socioeconomic Drivers manifest as Physical Hazards. A dashed arrow from Spatial Saturation to Physical Hazards is labelled direct material consequence. All three domains connect to Space risk nexus, described as a cascade of systemic adaptation. The outcomes are Elevated Ignition Risk with electrical faults and indoor combustion, Accelerated Fire Spread with the house can burn within 30 seconds, and Constrained Emergency Response with obsolete response-time standards.The space–risk nexus framework, showing the directional interactions between spatial saturation, socio-economic drivers and physical hazards that produce elevated ignition risk, accelerated fire spread and constrained emergency response in dense urban settlements
Source: Authors’ own work