Figure 3.
The part a shows a line graph of solid volume fraction plotted against vertical distance from the crack. Laminar and R A N S k epsilon results show similar trends, with volume fraction increasing near the cavity region. The part b shows a line graph of vertical velocity of the solid phase plotted against vertical distance from the crack where velocity decreases gradually with height.Effect of laminar and RANS k-ε viscous model on (a) profile of solid volume fraction; and (b) vertical velocity of solid phase