Figure 1
A conceptual model illustrates relationships among opportunistic product recalls, emotions such as anger and regret, attitude such as brand hate, and behaviors such as protest and revenge, with control variables including gender, age, education, and occupation.The diagram illustrates a conceptual model detailing relationships involving opportunistic product recalls, which lead to emotions such as anger and regret. Each emotion connects to Brand hate, which subsequently influences Protest behaviour and Revenge. Solid arrows illustrate direct relationships, while dashed arrows illustrate control variable relationships with demographic factors, including Gender, Age, Education, and Occupation, shown in dashed boxes. The model includes hypotheses denoted by H 1 through H 6, indicating positive relationships between the elements. The overall structure is arranged in a flow moving from left to right and top to bottom, illustrating the influence of emotional responses on consumer behaviour.

Conceptual framework model

Source: Authors’ own work

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