Figure 4
The diagram illustrates the virtual-physical digital twin data connection, divided into four main sections: Management, Storage, Processing, and Transmission. Management includes data classification, indexing, metadata management, backup, recovery, and quality monitoring. Storage covers local and cloud storage for geospatial and IoT sensor data, emphasizing scalability, backup, and encrypted storage. Processing involves time synchronization, data integrity assurance, dealing with signal interference and transmission delays, and optimization strategies. Transmission includes RFID tags, network nodes, local and cloud transmission, data sharing, and gateways. The diagram also highlights sensor deployment, data retrieval, and diversification of data sources, including bridge and track vibration data, train axle position data, history, detection and monitoring, and external environment data.Virtual-physical DT data connection. Source: Authors’ own work