Figure 3
The image contains four graphs depicting simulation results of alternating dry and wet rail surface conditions. The first graph shows creep velocity curves of each axle with four lines representing different axles. The second graph illustrates the variation of adhesion coefficient over time with four distinct lines. The third graph displays the motor output torque of each axle with four lines indicating different axles. The fourth graph presents axle load variation with four lines representing different axles. Each graph has time on the x-axis and different units on the y-axis. The graphs are separate but related, showing how different parameters change over time under varying rail surface conditions.Simulation results of Case 1: alternating dry and wet rail surface conditions. Source: Authors’ own work