Figure 1
The figure presents a three-dimensional cube diagram illustrating a conceptual framework that relates digital and physical environments to levels of social presence, density, and complexity. The cube is drawn using solid and dashed lines to indicate visible and hidden edges, creating a perspective view divided into multiple internal sections. The vertical dimension represents the “Physical realm” and distinguishes two levels of complexity: the upper half is labeled “Low complexity”, while the lower half is labeled “High complexity”. The depth dimension, labeled “Digital realm”, represents density, ranging from “Low density” near the front-left side of the cube to “High density” toward the upper back region, with labels appearing along the top edge. The horizontal base dimension represents the “Social realm”, with “High social presence” labeled on the left side and “Low social presence” on the right side, indicating decreasing levels of social interaction across the cube. Dashed internal grid lines subdivide the cube into eight smaller volumetric sections, suggesting different combinations of density, complexity, and social presence across digital and physical contexts.Three-dimensional conceptual framework. Source: Bolton et al. (2018, p. 779)