Figure 2
The figure presents a three-dimensional cube diagram illustrating a conceptual framework that maps artificial intelligence systems across digital, physical, and social dimensions. The cube is drawn in perspective using solid and dashed lines to show visible and hidden edges, and internal dashed grid lines divide the space into eight smaller volumetric sections representing combinations of density, complexity, and social presence. The vertical dimension represents the “Physical realm”, separating levels of complexity. The upper half is labeled “Low complexity”, while the lower half is labeled “High complexity”. The depth dimension represents the “Digital realm”, with density increasing from “Low density” at the front-left region to “High density” toward the back upper area of the cube. The horizontal base dimension represents the “Social realm”, ranging from “High social presence” on the left side to “Low social presence” on the right side. Within the cube, specific A I systems are positioned to illustrate their relative characteristics. A highlighted, blue-outlined region labeled “Dave” appears in the lower-left-front section, corresponding to high physical complexity, high social presence, and relatively lower digital density. An arrow labeled “Aidoc Da Vinci” points toward this region, indicating its placement near the boundary between physical and digital interaction zones. In contrast, a green-outlined region labeled “A D A” occupies the upper-right-back portion of the cube, representing low physical complexity, high digital density, and low social presence.ADA, Aidoc, Da Vinci and Dave in the Bolton et al. (2018) cube. Source: Authors' elaboration on Bolton et al. (2018)