Figure 1
A Venn diagram illustrating barriers in OER implementation in Pakistan. The diagram consists of three overlapping circles, each representing a different set of barriers. The first circle, labeled Top-down OER Policy, includes centralized policy, lack of consultation, top-down directives, weak feedback, and HEC-led, compliance-based. The second circle, labeled Partial Openness, includes no CC license, read-only access, copyright confusion, faculty unaware, restricted reuse, and download-only. The third circle, labeled Lack of Localization, includes English-only content, foreign pedagogy, cultural mismatch, no Urdu, Western MOOC bias, and imported examples. The overlapping sections signify the intersection of these barriers, highlighting areas where multiple issues coincide.Barriers to OER implementation in Pakistan