Figure 2.
The diagram connects teacher competency and professional development, T C, to curriculum-examination alignment, C M, through H 1 plus, and to psychological and emotional stress, P S, through H 2 plus. C M connects to language barriers, L B, through H 3 plus. P S connects to L B through H 4 plus. L B connects to grade 12 examination outcomes, G E O, through H 5. School leadership capacity, S L C, connects to G E O through H 6 plus. A moderation path, H 7, shows L B times S L C to G E O. Mediation paths include H 8, C M to L B to G E O, H 9, T C to C M to L B to G E O, H 10, P S to L B to G E O, H 11, T C to P S to L B to G E O, and H 12, T C to C M, P S, and L B to G E O. The legend defines solid arrows as direct effect, dashed arrows as mediation path, and dashed arrows with a crossed circle as moderation.Conceptual framework and research hypothesis
Source(s): Authors’ own creation based on draw, io 2026