Figure 1.
The panel a schematic depicts a cell within cell medium between electrodes, with the lower electrode at 0 volts and insulating boundary conditions along the sides. Panel b plots voltage against time. The pulse rises from 0 volts to 100 volts during t r, remains at 100 volts through t p, then falls to 0 volts during t r. The upper duration spans 100 microseconds, the central point marks 50 microseconds, and the midpoint of the rising segment marks t r over 2. Panel c contains three finite element mesh views. Panel c 1 depicts a circular cell region spanning approximately minus 25 to 25 micrometres. Panel c 2 enlarges a nanoparticle measuring 500 nanometres in length and 100 nanometres in width across the cell membrane, with cell exterior and cell interior identified. Panel c 3 further enlarges the membrane mesh between approximately minus 0.30 and minus 0.26 micrometres horizontally and 9.98 to 10.02 micrometres vertically. Panel d depicts a circular cell with nanoparticle positions P 0 and P 45 separated by 45 degrees. Three R O I views depict horizontal, vertical, and diagonal nanoparticle orientations relative to the membrane, with L c marked in each view.(a) Geometry of the simulated model and (b) time evolution of the applied voltage pulse. (c) Mesh of (c1) the geometry with details at the (c2) boundary between the nanoparticle and the cell, and (c3) in the membrane region. (d) Position of nanoparticle close to the cell membrane. Zoom of geometry for a (left) horizontal, (center) vertical and at 45° (right) nanoparticle. Sample line Lc and ROI (red rectangle)
Source: Authors’ own work