Figure 3
Four line graphs compare the change in employment around the time of the first childbirth for men and women in Vietnam across four censuses: 1989, 1999, 2009, and 2019. Each graph has two lines: one for women represented by red circles and one for men represented by blue squares. The x-axis represents the event window, ranging from -5 to 8 years around childbirth, while the y-axis shows the change in employment, ranging from -0.2 to 0.1. The vertical dashed line at 0 marks the year of childbirth. The graphs show that women consistently experience a greater drop in employment after childbirth compared to men across all years. The decline for women is most pronounced in 2009 and 2019. Men's employment remains relatively stable across all years.Change in child penalty in Vietnam over 1989–2019. Notes: This figure presents event study estimates of the change in employment around the time of the first childbirth for men and women in Vietnam across four censuses: 1989, 1999, 2009 and 2019. Panels a–d show the average change in employment before and after childbirth, with separate trends for women (red circles) and men (blue squares). The estimates reflect changes relative to the year before childbirth and include 95% confidence intervals. Source: Authors’ illustration