Figure 5
A scatter plot showing the relationship between the estimated child penalty and the number of kindergarten classes per 1,000 people across different regions in Vietnam for the years 1999, 2009, and 2019. The horizontal axis represents the number of kindergarten classes per 1,000 people, ranging from 0.5 to 2.5. The vertical axis represents the estimated child penalty, ranging from -0.15 to 0.05. Each data point corresponds to a region-year estimate with 95 percent confidence intervals. The data points are color-coded by year: blue circles for 1999, red triangles for 2009, and green diamonds for 2019. The plot includes a regression line indicating a correlation between the number of kindergarten classes and the estimated child penalty. The regions are labeled as Central Coast (CEC), Central Highlands (CEH), Mekong Delta (MED), North Central (NOC), Northeast (NOE), Northwest (NOW), Red River Delta (RRD), and Southeast (SOU).Relationship between child penalty and kindergarten classes by region. Notes: This figure plots the relationship between the estimated child penalty against the availability of kindergarten classes across regions in Vietnam, for the census years 1999, 2009 and 2019. The y-axis shows the estimated child penalty, while the x-axis shows the number of kindergarten classes per 1,000 people in each region, with data collected from GSO. Each marker corresponds to a region-year estimate with 95% confidence intervals. Source: Authors’ illustration