Figure 7
Four line graphs depict changes in employment across different demographic and household groups. Panel A shows the change in employment for men and women aged 30+ and under 30 around the time of childbirth. The x-axis represents the event window in years, ranging from -5 to 8, and the y-axis represents the change in employment, ranging from -0.25 to 0.1. The graph indicates that women aged 30+ experience a significant drop in employment around the time of childbirth, while men and women under 30 show minimal change. Panel B illustrates the change in employment for men and women with and without a spouse or union around the time of childbirth. The x-axis and y-axis are the same as in Panel A. Women with a spouse experience a notable drop in employment, whereas those without a spouse and men show less pronounced changes. Panel C presents the change in employment for men and women living with or without grandparents around the time of childbirth. Panel D shows the variation by religious status. The x-axis and y-axis remain the same.Child penalty across age, marriage, grandparental support and religious groups. Notes: This figure shows differences in the employment impact of childbirth for men and women across demographic and household groups. Each panel compares employment trends for men and women by subgroup: (a) age at childbirth (under 30 vs. 30+), (b) marital or union status, (c) living with a child's grandparents or not and (d) religious status. The estimates reflect changes relative to the year before childbirth and include 95% confidence intervals. Source: Authors’ illustration