Figure 8
The image contains four line graphs comparing employment changes after childbirth across different groups. Each graph shows trends for men and women in different categories: urban versus rural residence, migration status in the past five years, housing tenure, and ethnicity. The x-axis represents the event window, while the y-axis shows the change in employment. Each line represents a different subgroup, with solid lines for women and dashed lines for men. The graphs indicate that women generally experience a more significant drop in employment after childbirth compared to men, with variations across the different groups.Child penalty across residence, migration, tenure and ethnicity groups. Notes: This figure shows differences in the employment impact of childbirth for men and women across residential, migration, housing and ethnicity groups. Each panel compares employment trends for men and women by subgroup: (a) urban vs. rural residence, (b) migration status in the past five years, (c) housing tenure (ownership vs. rental) and (d) ethnicity (majority vs. minority). The estimates reflect changes relative to the year before childbirth and include 95% confidence intervals. Source: Authors’ illustration