Figure 9
The image contains four line graphs comparing the employment impact of childbirth for men and women across different education levels and employment sectors. Each graph has an event window on the x-axis ranging from -5 to 8 and a change in employment on the y-axis ranging from -0.25 to 0.1. The first graph (a) compares high school completion for women and men, showing a notable dip in employment for women around the event window. The second graph (b) compares primary school completion for women and men, also showing a significant drop in employment for women around the event window. The third graph (c) compares employment in the agriculture sector for women and men, indicating a sharp decline in employment for women around the event window. The fourth graph (d) compares employment in the public versus private sector for women and men, showing a decrease in employment for women around the event window.Child penalty by education level and employment sector. Notes: This figure shows differences in the employment impact of childbirth for men and women with education levels and industry sectors. Each panel compares employment trends by subgroup: (a) high school completion, (b) primary school completion, (c) employment in the agriculture sector and (d) employment in the public vs. private sector. The estimates reflect changes relative to the year before childbirth and include 95% confidence intervals. Source: Authors’ illustration